Targeting one enzyme could treat cancer, diabetes, and obesity
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A recent molecular discovery has plenty of treatment implications.
The cell enzyme is called PI3KC2A, and though scientists knew that it controlled many crucial cell functions, they remained unsure of the detailed structural mechanisms. One thing they did know was that the enzyme controls what occurs at cell membranes when they receive external signals. They also knew that it controls how the signals affect vital processes inside the cell. These processes regulate, among other things, how cells grow, divide, and differentiate. Now, a new paper that features in the journal Molecular Cell describes for the first time how the cell enzyme changes from an inactive state inside the cell to an active state in the cell membrane. The researchers, from the Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) in Berlin, Germany, together with colleagues at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, have been investigating PI3KC2A for some time. Their new work reveals previously unknown facts about a crucial cell mechanism called "receptor uptake." Disruptions of processes involving this mechanism are implicated in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. One of the senior study authors, Prof. Volker Haucke, of the FMP, says that their findings "may provide a direct target for therapies." Cell membranes are dynamic systemsCell membranes do a lot more than hold cell contents together. If that was all they did, they would be no more than inert skins; but a closer look reveals that they are dynamic systems that tightly control the passage of chemicals in and out of the cell. The structure of a cell membrane has been described as a "sea of lipids" containing floating clusters of proteins that control the "selective permeability" of the membrane. Lipids, which are fat-like molecules, are also active in the permeability process. They function as "molecular switches" for cascades of chemical signals that get switched on inside cells. Many of these cascades control essential functions such as cell growth, division, and differentiation. Enzymes such as PI3KC2A have a role to play in the production of the lipids that act as molecular switches. Therefore, finding ways to target them could lead to drugs that can intervene in these processes. Cell differentiation, for instance, is crucial for the formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, which is a key step in tumor growth. Receptor uptakeIn previous work, the scientists had already discovered much about the structural and cell biology of the processes involving PI3KC2A, including its role in receptor uptake. They had established, for instance, that ligands, or external chemical signals, from outside the cell stimulate the enzyme by binding to surface proteins called receptors. Such ligands include insulin and growth factors that trigger signaling cascades inside cells. Once activated, PI3KC2A enables a process called endocytosis in which little bags, or vesicles, carry the "ligand-bound receptors" into the cell interior. Once inside the cell, the ligand-bound receptors trigger the signaling cascades that control crucial cell functions. The new study is significant because it reveals the detailed changes that PI3KC2A undergoes at each step of this process. Active enzyme 'unfolds its arms'Prof. Haucke explains that one of the things that they discovered is that when the cell enzyme, or kinase, is inactive and resting inside the cell, it appears "rolled up looking as if it had wrapped its 'arms' around itself." He and his colleagues also found that the enzyme only becomes active when two components of the cell membrane are in the same place at the same time. "When this happens," he says, "the kinase unfolds its 'arms,' and each 'arm' binds to one of the two components." A few seconds after this, the process will kick off. The enzyme starts making lots of lipid signaling molecules that then trigger "uptake of activated signaling receptors" into the cell's interior. In turn, they set off the cascades that regulate cell growth, division, and differentiation. The team now plans to identify candidate molecules for drug developers to take further.
Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 20, 2018 at 12:51PM
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How long does it take to heal a pulled quad?
https://ift.tt/2MlAqXn The quads' primary purpose is to straighten the knee. Athletes and other physically active people are most likely to pull a muscle in this group. Most people recover after applying ice and resting. However, some require further treatment, depending on the severity of the injury. Symptoms and causes of a pulled quad
Common symptoms of a pulled quad include bruising, pain, and a loss of strength.
The most common symptoms include:
Some people can feel the injury as it occurs, while others only feel the effects. An athlete who habitually makes sudden, forceful leg movements, especially when fatigued, is most likely to pull a quad. According to research from 2010, the most common causes of a strain or a pull in the quads include:
The researcher also described the grading system for pulled quadriceps:
How to treat a pulled quad?A person should stop any activity if they feel a pulling sensation followed by pain when moving the leg. Seek medical attention as soon as possible. For athletes, this may involve letting a coach know. The coach should examine the injury and begin treatment. The area around the quads will likely swell when the injury first occurs. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons recommends using the RICE method for initial treatment of muscle strains in the thigh. The RICE method stands for:
Using the RICE method and resting will help the quad to recover fully. Promoting muscle recoverySome light stretches can encourage recovery, and a person may benefit from applying mild heat to the area before stretching. Stretching should only last for a few minutes, and be careful not to stretch very hard or far. Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen, can help ease pain and swelling. A doctor may also recommend physical therapy to restore the range of motion. Ultimately, the best treatment for a pulled quad is time. The body will repair itself over the course of a few weeks. Recovery timeRecovery times can vary, depending on the extent of the injury. A person with a grade 1 injury will likely recover within 1–2 weeks if they rest the muscle as much as possible. It can take longer to recover from a grade 2 or 3 strain, in some cases over 1 month. When the pain has disappeared, and the strength of the muscle has returned, a person can go back to their normal activities. Prevention
Fully warming up before exercise is a recommended precaution.
Most people do not need to worry about pulling their quadriceps. Those most at risk tend to be athletes engaged in intense physical activities. Some risk factors include:
Taking the following precautions can help:
When to see a doctorA person may not need to see a doctor for a mild quad pull. However, if a person has sustained the injury while playing a team sport, it may be a good idea to see a doctor. The doctor can recommend ways to speed the recovery. Seek medical attention for a quad pull if the injury:
A doctor will examine the leg and thigh. They may then use imaging to check the muscle for tears or additional damage. The doctor can recommend medications to ease the pain and swelling. They may also suggest physical therapy. Finally, a doctor may advise about returning to daily activities and write an excusal letter, if necessary. TakeawayFor most people, a pulled quad would be an unusual injury. Those most at risk are athletes and others who participate in physically demanding activities. It is essential to allow the body to heal by resting the muscles as much as possible. A person should also use the RICE method to reduce swelling. Many people can return to their regular activities within a few weeks of the injury. Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 20, 2018 at 06:42AM
Prolonged sitting: Short bouts of activity reduce health risks
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Sitting for long periods is unhealthful, but a small change in behavior might help.
In Western society, sitting down for long periods of time is now the norm; at the office, watching television, playing video games, our lives are easily filled with physical inactivity. The negative health consequences of sedentary living are also growing clearer. As Dr. Meredith Peddie, co-author of the new study, explains, "Most of us spend about 75 percent of our day sitting or being sedentary, and this behavior has been linked to increased rates of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and overall mortality." The exact reasons why prolonged sitting is so unhealthful are not fully known, but certain metabolic factors are thought to play a part. For instance, long periods with little exertion reduce insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, while increasing levels of triglycerides — the main constituent of body fat — in the blood. Reducing the impact of sittingDr. Peddie led a group of researchers at the University of Otago in New Zealand; they were joined in their efforts by scientists from the University of Prince Edward Island and the University of Guelph, both in Canada. They set out to explore whether small changes in behavior may be effective at minimizing some of the negative acute metabolic and vascular effects of long periods of sedentary behavior. To investigate, the team assessed 44 existing studies that focused on interrupting prolonged sitting with various amounts and types of movement. Their findings were published recently in the journal Sports Medicine. More specifically, they were interested in the effect of up to 24 hours of prolonged sitting following a meal. They measured its influence on various factors, including glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels, blood pressure, and vascular function. They compared these effects with individuals whose sitting was interrupted with light to moderate activity. They found that even light-intensity activity every 30 minutes had significant effects. Physical activity of any intensity was shown to reduce concentrations of glucose and insulin in the blood up to 9 hours after the meal. Similarly, levels of fat in the blood were also reduced, but this only occurred 12–16 hours after activity began. A robust and positive effectDr. Peddie and colleagues were particularly surprised that the beneficial changes they saw were not affected by the intensity of the activity or the age or weight of each participant. Similarly, the type of meal eaten before the prolonged sitting did not influence the results, either.
Much more research still needs to be done to understand how to mitigate the impact of prolonged sitting. Next, the researchers hope to uncover more information about how the timing of breaks impacts the results. They would also like to know which activities are the most effective, and how long active sessions need to be. However, the studies that the scientists analyzed did not record enough data on blood pressure and vascular measures. They hope that future studies might include more information about cardiovascular effects of sitting with or without short active breaks. The take-home message, however, is simple: we all need to make an effort to move more. Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 19, 2018 at 06:51AM
Prediabetes: Being a 'night owl' may lead to weight gain
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A preference for late-night activities may cause people to gain weight.
Prediabetes affects around84 million people in the United States. That is, 1 in 3 U.S. individuals are living with the condition, and 90 percent of them are not aware that they have it. In prediabetes, blood sugar levels are higher than what is considered normal, but not high enough to warrant a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes is a serious condition in its own right, putting people at risk of not only type 2 diabetes, but also stroke and heart disease. Insufficient sleep or a disrupted sleep pattern are also known risk factors for obesity and diabetes. Previous research has suggested that being a "night owl," or having a preference for activities in the evening and going to bed late, raises the risk of being overweight, as well as having type 2 diabetes and dying prematurely. So, researchers led by Dr. Sirimon Reutrakul, an associate professor of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism in the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, set out to examine whether being a night owl influenced body mass index (BMI) among people with prediabetes. BMI is a measure of body fat in relation to a person's height and weight. Thunyarat Anothaisintawee is the first author of the paper, which was published in the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology. Sleep patterns, BMI, and prediabetesDr. Reutrakul and colleagues examined 2,133 people with prediabetes who were 64 years old, on average. Using a questionnaire, the scientists assessed the participants' "eveningness" and "morningness" — that is, their preference for going to bed late and waking up early, respectively. The scientists also assessed social jetlag, or the difference in sleep timing and duration between weekdays and weekends, in the participants. Higher levels of social jetlag were found to correlate with a higher BMI. In people older than 60, eveningness was associated with a higher BMI as well. However, this effect was due to not having enough sleep, not to social jet lag. "In patients with prediabetes," explain the study authors, "more evening preference was directly associated with higher BMI and indirectly through insufficient sleep duration." "These data could inform further interventional studies to reduce BMI in this high-risk group," add Anothaisintawee and colleagues. Dr. Reutrakul also comments on the significance of the findings. "Diabetes is such a widespread disease with such an impact on quality of life," she says, "that identifying new lifestyle factors that might play into its development can help us advise patients with an early stage of the disease on things they can do to turn it around and prevent prediabetes from becoming full-blown diabetes."
Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 18, 2018 at 03:57AM
14 ways to lose weight without diet or exercise
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Appetite, 57(1), 295–298. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21316411 Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., Fulton, S., Wilson, M., Petrovich, G., & Rinaman, L. (2015). Stress exposure, food intake, and emotional state. Stress, 18(4), 381–399. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843770/ Vitamin D [Fact sheet]. (2018, March 2). Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ Ziauddeen, N., Page, P., Penney, T. L., Nicholson, S., Kirk, S. F. L., & Almiron-Roig, E. (2018, June 1). Eating at food outlets and leisure places and "on the go" is associated with less-healthy food choices than eating at home and in school in children: Cross-sectional data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program (2008–2014). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 107(6), 992–1003. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/107/6/992/4993680 Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 15, 2018 at 01:47PM Jenna Jameson Reveals She Feared She Couldn't Lose Weight Sober as She Shares Before & After Photos8/15/2018
Jenna Jameson Reveals She Feared She Couldn't Lose Weight Sober as She Shares Before & After Photos
https://ift.tt/2MPrlCn Jenna Jameson is opening up about the strain not being able to lose weight had on her mental health after giving birth to her daughter Batel Lu. The former adult film actress, 44, shared a before and after photo of herself on Instagram Monday. “Let’s talk about the mental aspect of losing weight and getting healthy. I’m going to be honest with you, when I was heavy I hated leaving the house. I felt judged,” Jameson wrote. “I felt eyes on me everywhere. I could hear others internal monologue saying “damn, Jenna Jameson let herself go” ugh.” “All of us do this, we worry so very much how we are perceived. But beyond that shallow thinking there was deeper shame. I was disappointed in myself,” she continued. The mother of three revealed her concerns that she wouldn’t go back to a size she felt comfortable with while being sober. “I was worried I couldn’t lose the weight Sober. I’m being real with you,” she admitted. “When I was in my addiction it was easy to stay thin. Sobriety and being overweight was new to me. I kept telling myself if I could beat addiction and stay sober, I can easily lose the weight… and I did. The healthy way.” She added, “And as of today I can say my mental game is STRONG. I feel I can do anything, I conquered abuse, addiction, PTSD and depression. Thank you for listening and please tell me your stories below, I read every comment #weightloss#weightlossjourney #keto #ketodiet#sober #sobriety #beforeandafter#fitmom #mentalhealth.” Jameson also shared a mirror selfie of herself on her Instagram Story wearing a white one-piece bikini while showing off her toned body. Jameson has been open about her weight loss journey since giving birth in April 2017. Earlier this month, Jameson shared another before and after photo of her body in a joyful post in which she told her followers she had gone from a size 16 to a size 6 in jeans. RELATED: Jenna Jameson Lost 57 Lbs. with the Keto Diet After Giving Birth: ‘The Cravings Subside’ “It’s time for another #tuesdaytransformation . Guys, I fit into size 6 jeans! the picture on the right I’m wearing size 16 jeans the fit of my clothes is catapulting me forward now, not the scale so much,” Jameson wrote in the caption. “Oh, and can we talk about “muffin top” it’s gone! I feel like keto paired with #intermittentfasting has been my riddle solver!” she continued. “I’ve officially weaned off my poison sugar free creamer and am now drinking black coffee with stevia and coconut oil! on a side note I want to acknowledge all of you taking the leap with me to get healthier, I’m SO damn proud of you!!!! Love you guys so much!” Jameson also previously shared in an Instagram post that since beginning the keto diet in March, she had lost 57 lbs. The diet is a very low-carb, moderate protein and high-fat eating plan. She shared two sets of before and after photos to show her followers how much her body had changed. “On the right, I weigh 187. On the left I’m a strong 130,” she wrote. “I was lethargic and struggled with the easiest of tasks like walking in the beach sand with Batelli. I felt slow mentally and physically.” “I took the pic on the right for a body positive post I was going to do and decided against it because I felt anything but f—— positive,” she continued. “I’m now a little under four months on the #ketodiet and it’s not only given me physical results, I feel happier, smarter, and much more confident.” Weight Loss via Weight Loss - Health.com https://ift.tt/2um58Un August 15, 2018 at 10:30AM
What are monk fruit and stevia?
https://ift.tt/2KVb8JS In this article, we describe what monk fruit and stevia are, the pros and cons of using each, and how to choose between them. We also discuss whether these sweeteners are safe for people with diabetes and look at some alternatives. Monk fruit
Monk fruit is 150 to 200 times sweeter than sugar.
Monk fruit is also called luo han guo or swingle. It looks like a small gourd, and it grows on a vine. Monk fruit is native to regions of Southeast Asia, including some parts of Thailand and China. Buddhist monks in the 13th century were the first to cultivate the fruit, which is the reason for its name. Fresh monk fruit spoils rather quickly. Traditionally, people used dried monk fruit in herbal medicines. Today, monk fruit is most popular as a natural sweetener. The fruit's extract contains substances called mogrosides, which are intensely sweet. According to the International Food Information Council Foundation, monk fruit is around 150–200 times sweeter than sugar. Some manufacturers mix the extract with different sugars to balance out the intensity. A variety of monk fruit sweeteners are available to purchase online. Monk fruit prosA monk fruit sweetener has several benefits when compared with sugar:
Monk fruit sweeteners may also have some health benefits:
Monk fruit consFor the following reasons, a person may think twice before using monk fruit sweeteners to replace sugar:
Stevia
Stevia has zero calories and zero sugars.
Stevia is a sweetener extracted from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, which is native to some parts of South America. The leaves contain substances knowns as steviol glycosides, which are 200–400 times sweeter than table sugar. People have used whole leaves or crude extracts from the plant as a sweetener for many centuries. Despite this, the FDA have not approved the use of raw stevia, due to safety concerns. However, the FDA do consider high-purity extracts of steviol glycosides to be generally regarded as safe. This means that, in the U.S., stevia sweeteners usually consist of highly purified extracts of the steviol glycosides rebaudioside A or stevioside. They may contain a mixture of both. A variety of stevia sweeteners are available to purchase online. Stevia prosWhen compared with table sugar, stevia has similar advantages to monk fruit, including:
Stevia consSome potential disadvantages to using stevia sweeteners include:
Are monk fruit and stevia safe for people with diabetes?Monk fruit and stevia are both low-glycemic sweeteners and should have little or no effect on a person's blood sugar levels. However, it is important to check the labels of products that contain these sweeteners. Other ingredients may contain sugars or carbohydrates. Choosing between monk fruit and steviaMonk fruit and stevia have very similar properties. For many, the choice between them simply comes down to personal preference. A person may want to try both and see which they prefer. When choosing between monk fruit and stevia, considerations may include:
People with allergies to other plants in the Asteraceae family should avoid stevia. Anyone who experiences gastrointestinal side effects from stevia may prefer monk fruit sweeteners. Also, it is important to consider the use. One sweetener may work better in tea and coffee, while the other may be better for cooking and baking. Alternatives to monk fruit and stevia
Aspartame is one of six high-intensity sweeteners that the FDA have approved.
There are a variety of alternative sweeteners. The FDA have approved six high-intensity sweeteners for food:
However, these may negatively affect blood sugar management, gut health, and cardiovascular health. More research is needed. For people interested in sweeteners that contain some sugar and calories, natural choices include:
Sugar alcohols are a type of carbohydrate. They are an alternative to sugar and contain fewer calories. Examples include:
However, sugar alcohols can cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea. TakeawayMonk fruit and stevia are non-nutritive sweeteners. This means that the products contain very few calories, if any. They both come from plants, and they have very similar properties. Monk fruit and stevia sweeteners are generally safe for people with diabetes, but always check the labeling to ensure that the manufacturers have not added sugars or carbohydrates. For many people, choosing between these two sweeteners will come down to cost, availability, and taste. However, stevia can cause gastrointestinal side effects. Also, anyone with an allergy to plants from the Asteraceae family should avoid stevia. Both monk fruit and stevia sweeteners are available to purchase online. We picked linked items based on the quality of products, and list the pros and cons of each to help you determine which will work best for you. We partner with some of the companies that sell these products, which means Healthline UK and our partners may receive a portion of revenues if you make a purchase using a link(s) above. Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 15, 2018 at 06:48AM
Experts advise 'healthful range' rather than 'variety of foods'
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The term 'a range of healthful foods' could be less misleading than 'a varied diet,' a new statement suggests.
Instead, the emphasis should be on "health[ful] eating patterns" with sufficient amounts of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, pulses, nuts, seeds, low-fat dairy foods, and vegetable oils, while limiting consumption of red meats, sugar-sweetened drinks, and sweets. This is the main message of a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association, which they have now published in the journal Circulation. The statement includes a review of studies that have investigated links between consuming a "wide range of foods" and obesity, eating, and diet quality. Public health bodies in the United States and elsewhere have long advocated "dietary diversity" — or "eating a variety of foods" — as a way to ensure adequate nutrition and keep down the risk of "major chronic diseases." 'Little consensus on dietary diversity'However, the authors note that there is "little consensus" on what is meant by dietary diversity, and also on whether it is a healthful goal and how it should be measured. Also, studies that have followed people over time have recently published evidence to suggest that "greater dietary diversity" is tied to less-than-ideal patterns of eating that "may be associated with weight gain and obesity in adult populations." Such patterns feature, for example, higher consumption of refined grains, processed foods, and sugary drinks, while fruit, vegetables, fish, and other "minimally processed foods" tend to be consumed less. To investigate this further, the authors reviewed and analyzed scientific papers on the subject that were published in 2000–2017. This work revealed that there was insufficient information on which aspects of dietary diversity can help and hinder healthy weight. They also found evidence that meals that contain a "wider variety of food options" could be less satiating. This promotes over-eating because people then eat more than they need to feel full. There is some, but not a lot, of evidence to suggest that "greater dietary diversity" could also be tied to adults consuming more calories, putting on weight, and adopting "poor eating patterns." 'Choose range of healthful foods'Therefore, the team concluded that instead of "eating a variety of foods," the emphasis should be on: "adequate intake of plant foods, protein sources, low-fat dairy products, vegetable oils, and nuts and limits consumption of sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and red meats," write the authors. Choosing and sticking to "a range of health[ful] foods" that suits personal taste or budget may be a better way to keep to a healthy weight, says Dr. Marcia C. de Oliveira Otto, the lead author of the statement. This would be more effective, she suggests, "than choosing a greater range of foods that may include less health[ful] items such as donuts, chips, fries, and cheeseburgers, even in moderation." Dr. Otto is assistant professor of epidemiology, human genetics, and environmental science at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston. She and her colleagues give the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet as a good example of a healthful eating pattern. The DASH dietThe DASH diet is described as a "flexible eating plan" that advises "daily and weekly nutritional goals," rather than eating special foods. For example, for a 2,000-calorie per day eating plan, the DASH diet recommends:
Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 10, 2018 at 12:53PM
What should you eat after working out?
https://ift.tt/2vqHLKJ Exercise is beneficial for overall health. To get the most effective exercise, it is necessary to have good nutrition. There is a range of things to eat right after a workout that will help in specific fitness goals. It is also essential to eat to recover energy levels. Learn more about what to eat after a workout. Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 7, 2018 at 01:16PM
Exercises to fix anterior pelvic tilt
https://ift.tt/2OL1lt8 Anterior pelvic tilt is when the pelvis, which includes the hip and pubic bones, tilts forward. It causes poor posture and is usually due to a combination of weak and tight muscles. Here, learn how to use specific exercises to correct anterior pelvic tilt. We also cover the causes and complications of this condition. Weight Loss via Obesity / Weight Loss / Fitness News From Medical News Today https://ift.tt/O45xlc August 6, 2018 at 10:05AM |
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January 2020
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