If you’ve been pursuing an aesthetic physique for any measure of time you’ve likely heard how important it is to dial in your training and diet. Although these are critical aspects, one topic that doesn’t receive the attention it deserves is proper recovery—specifically when it comes to sleep.

Most people can appreciate the importance of sleep on a superficial level but often aren’t aware of just how detrimental sleep deprivation (SD) can be on body composition. A 2010 study entitled “Insufficient Sleep Undermines Dietary Efforts to Reduce Adiposity” came to some pretty startling conclusions that may have significant implications on aspiring bodybuilders and physique athletes. The intervention had two groups, both of which maintained equated caloric restrictions. One group had 8.5 hours of bed rest and the other was restricted to 5.5 hours. The length of the intervention spanned fourteen days.

The researchers found that although the total weight loss was virtually identical between both groups the sleep restricted group lost 60% more lean mass than the other control group. Sleep restriction “decreased the fraction of weight lost as fat by 55%”.¹ This is a massive difference in body composition outcomes.

The design of the study was well constructed, however, there was no resistance training protocol which is worth mentioning. It’s likely that if both groups were engaged in a resistance training program during this intervention the total amount of lean mass lost would be reduced. But in my estimation, the results would still favor the longer bed rest group.

So why was there such a dramatic difference in body composition between groups? What are the actual mechanisms involved and were there any indirect factors associated with each outcome? Let's explore this in more depth to gain a better understanding of the implications of sleep deprivation on body composition and the measures you can take to prevent its occurrence.
 

1. Neuroendocrine Response and Hunger Signaling

Your neuroendocrine systems play a major role in regulating your physiological and/or behavioral state.² Sleep deprivation triggers a response from your neuroendocrine system that results in a cascade of biochemical reactions which increase hunger signaling, specifically for high sugar, high-fat foods.³During sleep deprivation, your subjective feelings of fatigue increase, as a response appetite can increase to provide more energy for your body to function. If you are dieting and trying to maintain a caloric deficit this response presents a significant obstruction to dietary adherence.

2. Muscle Catabolism

Sleep deprivation also has very powerful catabolic effects (tissue breakdown). One of the adaptive responses to sleep deprivation is reduced resting metabolic rate (RMR) along with increased ghrelin concentrations which promote fat retention. In this physiological state muscle catabolism becomes a significant risk if you are in a caloric deficit.¹ In the above intervention, the sleep deprivation group lost substantially more lean tissue. We know that fat mass has a higher energy density than lean mass, so the fact that the total weight loss across both control groups was virtually identical suggests that the longer bed rest group maintained a higher RMR.

3. Increased Ghrelin and Fat Retention

Increased ghrelin concentrations are one of the neuroendocrine responses to sleep deprivation. As mentioned above, ghrelin can increase hunger signaling, but it can also increase fat retention. If in a caloric deficit there is an increased risk of changes in body composition that preference retention of adiposity over lean mass.⁴

4. Decreased Resting Metabolic Rate

RMR is your body's daily energy requirement at complete rest. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is your RMR plus any additional energy expenditure that occurs throughout the day (ie. walking, sitting, working, exercising, eating, etc). Sleep deprivation acutely decreases RMR⁵ and often negatively impacts TDEE because of an increase in subjective ratings of fatigue that may result in decreased desire to be physically active.

5. Decreased Performance and Increased Risk of Injury

Although performance isn’t a metric bodybuilders are judged on in competition, certain performance metrics are directly linked to hypertrophy. Sleep deprivation has been shown to impede several performance metrics along with varying timelines. The first performance outcomes that seem to be impacted are explosive power, speed, response time, and coordination.⁶ This is significant because if response time and motor control are impeded during strenuous physical training it can increase the risk of injury. Strength qualities seem to be retained for longer but eventually the same drop off in performance is observed.
 

6. Decrease In Mood and Motivation to Train

Interestingly, sleep deprivation states can result in decreased performance especially at submaximal loads due to its negative impact on mood ^{7, 8} which may decrease intrinsic motivation to train. This is especially applicable to bodybuilders because the majority of hypertrophy training typically occurs between the 60-80% 1RM range.

Preventative Measures to Minimize Sleep Deprivation

Now that we’ve established just how impactful sleep deprivation can be on body composition, it’s time to look at potential preventative measures you can implement to minimize the above risks.

1. Ensure you’re sleeping eight hours every night. More is often better and there doesn't appear to be any downsides to sleep extension, however significant benefits to performance and cognitive ability have been reported in the literature.⁹
2. If sleeping for eight hours daily is not feasible due to individual circumstances, planning routine naps into your day does a good job of minimizing the risk of SD.¹⁰
3. Maintain a consistent sleep schedule when possible. Some people are early risers and others function better at night. Regardless of where you fall on the spectrum, continuity is a great teaching tool for your body and can help regulate predictable sleep patterns. Research on irregular sleep times also finds a strong correlation to increased SD when compared to a congruent sleep schedule.¹¹
4. If stress is a potential obstruction to sleep length or congruency developing a plan to reduce stress can have a significant impact. If you are prone to anxiety and stress, reducing intake of stimulants (ie. caffeine, pre-workouts, etc.) may reduce sympathetic activity and diminish subjective feelings of stress and anxiety.¹²

By implementing the above strategies you can be fairly certain that you’ll minimize any potential risk for SD and its negative impact on body composition.

Good luck and lift big!

References:

1. Nedeltcheva, Arlet V., et al. “Insufficient Sleep Undermines Dietary Efforts to Reduce Adiposity.” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 153, no. 7, May 2010, p. 435., doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006.

2. Levine, Jon E. “An Introduction to Neuroendocrine Systems.” Handbook of Neuroendocrinology, 2012, pp. 3–19., doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375097-6.10001-0.

3. Spiegel, Karine, et al. “Brief Communication: Sleep Curtailment in Healthy Young Men Is Associated with Decreased Leptin Levels, Elevated Ghrelin Levels, and Increased Hunger and Appetite.” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 141, no. 11, July 2004, p. 846., doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008.

4. Scrimshaw, N. S., et al. “Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Reversal of Diurnal Activity on Protein Metabolism of Young Men.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 19, no. 5, Jan. 1966, pp. 313–319., doi:10.1093/ajcn/19.5.313.

5. Spaeth, Andrea M., et al. “Resting Metabolic Rate Varies by Race and by Sleep Duration.” Obesity, vol. 23, no. 12, May 2015, pp. 2349–2356., doi:10.1002/oby.21198.

6. Mah, Cheri D., et al. “Sleep Restriction Impairs Maximal Jump Performance and Joint Coordination in Elite Athletes.” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 37, no. 17, 2019, pp. 1981–1988., doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1612504.

7. Reilly, Thomas, and Mark Piercy. “The Effect of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Weight-Lifting Performance.” Ergonomics, vol. 37, no. 1, 1994, pp. 107–115., doi:10.1080/00140139408963628.

8. Pilcher, June J., and Allen I. Huffcutt. “Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance: A Meta-Analysis.” Sleep, vol. 19, no. 4, 1996, pp. 318–326., doi:10.1093/sleep/19.4.318.

9. Mah, Cheri D., et al. “The Effects of Sleep Extension on the Athletic Performance of Collegiate Basketball Players.” Sleep, vol. 34, no. 7, 2011, pp. 943–950., doi:10.5665/sleep.1132.

10. Haslam, Diana R. “Sleep Deprivation and Naps.” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, vol. 17, no. 1, 1985, pp. 46–54., doi:10.3758/bf03200896.

11. Kang, Jiunn-Horng, and Shih-Ching Chen. “Effects of an Irregular Bedtime Schedule on Sleep Quality, Daytime Sleepiness, and Fatigue among University Students in Taiwan.” BMC Public Health, vol. 9, no. 1, 2009, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-248.

12. Sawyer, Deborah A., et al. “Caffeine and Human Behavior: Arousal, Anxiety, and Performance Effects.” Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 5, no. 4, 1982, pp. 415–439., doi:10.1007/bf00845371.

The Mr. Olympia press conference took place on Thursday afternoon at the Orleans Arena in Las Vegas, and a good crowd turned out to see the top contenders talk up their chances. If you missed it, then here is your chance to see how things went down.

Part 1

Part 2

IFBB Pro League Hall of Fame bodybuilder Shawn Ray interviews Mr. Olympia hopefuls Steve Kuclo, Brandon Curry, and William Bonac, as well as Olympia MC Bob Chicerillo after the 2019 Mr. Olympia Athlete's Meeting on Wed. Sept. 10.

It’s a great time in the world, isn’t it? A time where we seem to appreciate a little heft in the bum more than ever.

Whether we were moving in that direction already or not—or whether Baby Got Back or Jennifer Lopez spurred on the movement in the 90s—everywhere I go I come across women, especially, who ask me how to build a little more muscle mass plumpness in their bums.

Then again, maybe the desire for a bubble bum isn’t all that new, after all. The first successful booty implant actually dates back to 1969—performed by Dr. RJ Bartels.

Don’t give him too much credit, though: His early butt implants weren’t all that convincing. They didn’t have a natural look to them, and because he put the implant between the skin and the gluteus maximus muscle, the implanted bums sort of moved around when you touched them. Like their actual shape would change when you grabbed it. Not ideal.

Bum augmentations are, of course, a lot better today and safer today, and certainly a lot more mainstream. It is believed that close to 15,000 Americans spent a few thousand dollars augmenting their bums back in 2015, and that number seems to grow every year. So, going under the knife is certainly an option to get that ass you have always wanted.

But….

It’s not the only way.

If you’re into working hard for things and doing them naturally—and not risking surgery and spending $5,000 for it—then these seven bum exercises are for you. All you need is your body and a band.

Bum Burner Exercise 1: Banded Glute Bridges

Adding a band to your glute bridges make them infinitely harder. Can you do 100 in a row? If you don’t have a rack like in this video, you can also anchor the band under heavy dumbbells.

• Your goal is to perform 100 without stopping.

Bum Burner Exercise 2: Clamshells

Can you do 50 without stopping?

• Try 50 clamshells per leg.

Bum Burner Exercise 3: Banded Walks

You can do these walking forward or laterally. Keep your feet shoulder-width apart (or wider) to make sure there’s tension on the band at all times.

• Do 3 sets of 20-30 steps per leg.

Bum Burner Exercise 4: Banded Leg Raises

A glute ham developer or a reverse hyper are ideal for anchoring yourself during these banded leg raises, but you can do a similar movement on all fours on a bench.

• Perform 3 sets of 25 per leg.

Bum Burner Exercise 5: Lateral Banded Leg Raises

• Perform 3 sets of 25 per leg.

Bum Burner Exercise 6: Banded Squats

If you know you don’t use your glutes as much as you should during your squat, these are great for getting the glutes more involved.

Bum Burner Exercise 7: Banded Jumping Squats

Same idea as above, except explode at the top by squeezing your bum cheeks together.

• Perform 2-3 sets of 15-25.

I promise you, your bum will burn!

“The Queen of Spades,” Shayna Baszler, has bulldozed her way through NXT since joining the brand in 2017. After an impressive showing in that year's Mae Young Classic, where she made it all the way to the finals, the former UFC star is now a record-breaking pro wrestling women’s champion.

Muscle & Fitness sat down with the tough Sioux Falls, S.D., native to discuss her rapid rise to the top of NXT, the brand's impending USA Network debut, and her friendship with fellow mixed-martial-artist-turned-pro-wrestler, Ronda Rousey.

[RELATED1]

Did you watch pro wrestling before you got into MMA?

Yes, I’ve watched pro wrestling since I was super young. I’ve watched it my whole life, and then even in MMA, I started training with Josh Barnett, and he’s a pro wrestler himself. He was kind of a tie-in, so when I was studying mixed martial arts, he was the one that showed me how the two [disciplines] are like cousins of each other. And then when I moved in with Ronda and the girls (Jessamyn Duke and Marina Shafir), I’m the one that was watching [pro wrestling] and I kind of sucked them into it. 

When did you decide you wanted to try out pro wrestling?

It's funny, because I never really thought of actually doing pro wrestling before I was fighting [in MMA]. I trained with Josh Barnett, and with Billy Robinson, who is a legendary British professional wrestler. The way that they do pro wrestling, they want you to have [MMA] fights first, in order to graduate into pro wrestling. I guess it was just kind of a natural progression.

I was fighting for the UFC, and I tore my ACL in my last fight, and with the UFC they sign you for a few years but you don’t know when you’re fighting next. They don’t give you an advanced schedule. They’ll call you and say, "Hey, we have a fight for you, say, in three months. Do you want to take it?" But then when the fight is over, you don’t know when you're fighting next until they call you again. 

So knowing I was injured and then sitting on the bench for a little while, Josh asked me how I felt about doing some professional wrestling. I said, "Yeah, if it keeps me active, cool," and then it has kind of just snowballed from there.  

It's no secret that a pro wrestler’s schedule is pretty crazy, but what does a normal week of training look like for you?

The hardest part is maintaining fitness. We're on the road, keeping a diet, and [trying to get] workouts. Say we go to a city, Philadelphia or somewhere. I don’t know what equipment the gym has available. So I’ll have an idea of what I want to train, like upper body, but then I have to have a very flexible plan based on the equipment that is available.

Typically, if we're not on the road travelling, we train daily in the ring [at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando] and have strength and conditioning sessions daily. Then [in NXT], we’re performing at least Thursday, Friday, and Saturday in the Florida area. We're constantly on the go. 

Does your no-nonsense character reflect who you are as a person?

Well, I think I have a lot to draw from [thanks to MMA]. Before pro wrestling, I knew what it felt like to stand behind the curtain and wait to get called out to the ring to beat someone up. It’s a very familiar thing to me. But then also, I think there is some reality to the fact that even the style of pro wrestling, if you look at a guy like Billy Robinson or Josh Barnett—that style is very no-nonsense.

If you watch the matches that these guys put on, you won’t see much of a difference between MMA and pro wrestling. That’s the style that I have ingrained in me, and I bring it to the ring. 

You mentioned that you lived with Ronda Rousey. With both of you being active in WWE at the same time, did you provide each other with support or advice?

Yeah, a little bit. Rather than giving advice, it was just nice to have someone to talk about [being in WWE] with. So it was like sharing in the uniqueness of what we were both going through. 

Then, of course, Ronda getting to the position where she was in WWE, mirrored what I was going through in NXT, where we were both kind of at the top of the division.

We would get together and train, of course, and we always did that in MMA too. So it was more like getting together and just sharing in the process of it, rather than tips and tricks. 

Your rise to the top of NXT was exceptionally quick. How proud are you to be the first woman ever to hold the NXT title on two occasions?

In my opinion, the NXT Women’s title is a very prestigious title to have. So the fact that I’m the only person to have ever held it twice is a huge thing that I definitely add to my list of accomplishments. I am very, very proud of it. 

NXT debuts on the USA Network on Wednesday, Sept. 18, and you must really be looking forward to being a part of that. What changes have you noticed at NXT since you first walked through the doors in 2017?

There’s a lot of things. I think I got into NXT at a very historic time. And I don’t mean just the USA [Network] stuff. NXT on USA is probably the most important day in our history.

We’ll look back on it as the key day, but even going back to the first ever Mae Young Classic, I’ve been such a huge part of these historic moments with NXT and WWE that I’m so excited to see what’s next. 

I was sitting [backstage] at the Mae Young Classic and was thinking to myself. "Wow, this is a pretty historic moment,"and not thinking ahead to the next historic moment. But then you know, here we are with NXT on USA and I can’t wait to see what’s next!

What is the camaraderie like in NXT? Do you have the mindset that you want to put on the best show of the week?

We’ve always been proud of the fact that #WeAreNXT, and we say it, you know? It’s our hashtag. So, I think there’s always been a certain thing where we are NXT, and we are going to be the best that we can be, and want to put on these amazing shows and to show the product.

I think the only difference with NXT being on USA isn’t in our mindset, it's just that everybody else is going to see it now. We're doing what we’ve always done; now it's in front of everyone. 

[RELATED2]

How would you describe NXT to someone who has never watched it?

That’s an interesting question! If you ever had any preconceived ideas about what pro wrestling is, I think you’ll find that they were wrong. Everyone should check it out! (laughs).

NXT begins its weekly airing on the USA Network on Wednesday, Sept. 18. For more information, visit WWE.com